About

The Mandelbrot set

The Mandelbrot set consists of points, c, in the complex plane that obey the following rule

1. Start with the complex number z = a + ib where a and b are real numbers.
2. Generate a new complex number, z', by multiplying z by itself and adding the result to c. z' = z² + c.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2. If the complex number z goes toward infinity, then the starting point, c, is not a member of the Mandelbrot set. All numbers that remain bounded are members of the set.

It can be shown that if the magnitude of z is greater than 2 , then z will approach infinity. The code assumes that the number c is in the set if |z| > 2 after 256 iterations. In order to show how rapidly a number fails the test, we color the pixel corresponding to the number of iterations.

Mandelbrot set with variable initial value

The members of the Mandelbrot set follow the rule

z_n+1= z_n²+ c ; initial value z₀ = 0

c is a complex number, as is z

We look for points c in the complex plane, for which the series does not diverge. They form the Mandelbrot set. In the simulation they are colored red, lying within a range with the fractal boundary, the famous "apple man". Diverging points are colored green to blue, with the color shading indicating the speed of divergence.

Drawing a rectangle with the mouse defines a smaller range of calculation with correspondingly increasing resolution. Reset leads back to the initial condition.

The series has the members 0, c, c²+ c, c⁴ + 2c³ + c² + c,...

For deeper understanding this simulation modifies the series in such a way, that the initial z_o value is variable:

z₀ = real(z₀) + i * im(z₀) = k + i m

This series has the members z₀ , z₀²+c, ( z₀²+c)²+c, , ...

z₀ = 0 (k = 0 , m = 0) delivers the common Mandelbrot set, which is the default case for the simulation.

In the drawing z₀ corresponds to the white point, which can be drawn with the mouse. The fractal changes according to the change of the initial value. The values of the real and the imaginary part of z₀ are shown in two editable number fields. There one can input exact values (press the ENTER key after every change).

The fractal structure is caused by the nonlinearity of the series rule. It is observed for other nonlinear series as well, with different structure of the fractal.

mandelbrot.xlm was originally developed by Francisco Esquembre and Wolfgang Christian The variations were developed by Dieter Roess in October 2008

This simulation is part of

“Learning and Teaching Mathematics using Simulations

– Plus 2000 Examples from Physics”

ISBN 978-3-11-025005-3, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG

 

Translations

Code	Language		Translator	Run

Credits

Dieter Roess - WEH- Foundation; Tan Wei Chiong; Loo Kang Wee; Francisco Esquembre; Wolfgang Christian; Felix J. Garcia Clemente

Sample Learning Goals

[text]

For Teachers

This is one of the multiple variations of the Mandelbrot Set simulation. There is one main difference between this Mandelbrot Set and the Julia Set simulation - that the initial z-value can be varied.

The standard Mandelbrot Set follows this algorithm: z(n+1) = z(n)^2 + c,

where z(0) is fixed at z = 0.

This simulation, however, allows the user to vary the value of z(0) by either moving the white dot on the panel or by using the field provided.

As with the other Mandelbrot Set simulations, zooming is enabled. Simply click and hold the mouse until the coordinates appear at the bottom left of the screen, and drag diagonally southeast. Give it some time to recalculate, and you get a zoomed-in version of the Mandelbrot in its full detail.

 

Research

[text]

Video

[text]

 Version:

1. http://weelookang.blogspot.sg/2016/02/vector-addition-b-c-model-with.html improved version with joseph chua's inputs
2. http://weelookang.blogspot.sg/2014/10/vector-addition-model.html original simulation by lookang

Other Resources

[text]

end faq

{accordionfaq faqid=accordion4 faqclass="lightnessfaq defaulticon headerbackground headerborder contentbackground contentborder round5"}